Learning from Crackers & Chickees
What Florida's historic Chickee and Cracker homes taught me about successful modern home design
Is there an architectural style that is truly native to Southwest Florida?
And, if there is, what can we learn from it that’s relevant to architectural design in today’s world?
Shortly after I moved to Fort Myers for the first time, my brother asked me to design a home for his family on Sanibel Island. I had just graduated from architecture school. Together we decided that his family needed a contemporary house that would fit into the island surroundings and respond to the local climate.
I started by looking backwards to an impossibly primitive era, a time that predated the invention of screens and air conditioning. Imagine! How had people survived? With its insects, excessive heat, humidity and subtropical rains, Florida has never offered settlers a comfortable climate.
But in that year, my research ran parallel to my own life — I was living in an apartment in a 1920s building with no air conditioning. For two years, I had to rely on the simple, common sense principles used by those early settlers:
Maximize shade, and
Maximize natural ventilation.
Like the very earliest inhabitants of Florida, I had to work alongside nature, not against it.
Chickees and Crackers - Simple home designs that made Florida's climate bearable
In the early 19th century, when large landowners from the North sought Seminole Indian land, a series of conflicts with American troops drove the native inhabitants from their permanent homes toward the Everglades. There, they constructed temporary open structures known as chickee (the Seminole word for house). Chickee were quick to build and easy to abandon. With steeply-pitched, thatched palm roofs and raised floors, the simple design provided cooling and protection from floods, insects, and snakes.
In the decades that followed, other white settlers arrived in Florida. Known as Cracker farmers after the cracked corn that made up the majority of their diet, they copied principles of shade and ventilation from the simple shelters of the Seminoles, raising their floors off the ground to avoid flooding and allowing cooler air to circulate beneath the house. Tall, double-hung windows were strategically located to provide continuous cross-ventilation, and steep gabled roofs allowed the warmer air to rise out of living spaces.
Originally designed as a single room home, these modified versions of the chickee structures would have been located on higher ground and oriented to minimize direct sunlight, take full advantage of breezes for ventilation, and utilize the shade of nearby trees. Characteristically, these houses also had deep front porches covered by large overhanging roofs to add further protection from the searing sun, and steeper pitches of the roofs more easily shed the soaking, subtropical rains.
Common to all of these houses were the materials used: Wood framing made from the tall straight pines felled to clear the land, horizontal cypress siding inside and out, and metal roofs.
At the time, cypress was plentiful and had extra benefits as a building material — it contains a natural preservative oil (cypressene) that renders it relatively resistant to rot and insects. Metal roofs were cheap, readily available, and — at least until they rusted — reflected the sunlight.
So as to our first question: Is there an architecture native to Southwest Florida? The answer is definitely, yes! These Cracker and chickee structures are the original vernacular.
Designed for function rather than beauty, these buildings were not self-consciously styled. And more to the point, they were energy efficient because they had to be.
Early pioneer families were able to survive in our harsh climate without air conditioning by incorporating simple passive solar and ventilation principles, just as I did in my airy apartment on the second floor nearly 200 years later. Luckily for me, the architect who designed the apartment building understood these concepts, and most of the time it was remarkably livable (let’s be fair, sometimes even air conditioning can’t make the heat in Southwest Florida bearable).
Applying lessons of the past to modern architectural design
Learn from the past. Borrow from what works. Steal a good idea and adapt it for your purpose. These are principles that architects live by.
And for my brother’s house, I did all three.
All my research had equipped me to propose a cost-effective and energy-efficient design for the new house. Not that I expected my brother and his family to live without air conditioning, but I knew that by incorporating proven architectural ideas from the past, they could rely on it less. And, more often than not, the benefit was that I was able to maximize the effect of natural air conditioning (Gulf breezes) in my design of their new home.
The result was a simple island house, combining the practical elements of Florida Cracker buildings with contemporary modern architecture.
For me, this new island home design marked the beginning of a lifelong interest in exploring a new vernacular for Florida that both borrows from an instinctively energy-efficient theory of design, nearly abandoned since the invention of the air conditioner, and embraces the latest advances in technology and energy-conscious building practices for the future.
Joyce Owens AIA RIBA
A previous version of this article appeared in Joyce Owens’ “Architect About Town” column in the Fort Myers News-Press.
